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TP/IX Working Group R. L. Ullmann Internet Draft Process Software Corporation June 30, 1993 Initial AD Assignment Plan 1 Status of this Memo This memo presents an initial plan for the assignments of Administrative Domain numbers (ADs) for version 7 of the Internet. This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its Working Groups. (Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet Drafts). Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or "work in progress." Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet Draft directory to learn the current status of this or any other Internet Draft. Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 1] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 2 Contents 1 Status of this Memo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Authority for AD assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1 IANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2 ISO/ITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 Country blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 Specific Non-country Assignments . . . . . . . . . . 5 6.1 Version 4 Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6.2 Novell IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6.3 IEEE 802 block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 Code table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 2] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 3 Introduction This memo presents the plan for initial assignments of Administrative Domain numbers for the Version 7 Internet. The objective is to use a very small amount of space in the numbering system, while providing the necessary distribution of authority. This plan defines 4/256ths of the number space to cover the country blocks, while making initial AD-block assignments for countries covering only 237/65536ths (0.36%) of the code points available in the most significant 16 bits. It is important that future plans be equally conservative; in the next decade no more than 1/25th of the space need be or should be assigned. Besides the always-unanticipated future expansion, this provides the space to re-do the numbering plan entirely if it should become necessary. It is certainly true that in 10 years, or 25 years, we shall know a great deal more about what the numbering plan should look like, and it is prudent to leave as much of the decision as possible to that time. 4 Authority for AD assignments AD numbers are assigned out of the same numbering plan as (version 4) network numbers. As noted in [RFC1475] this helps prevent confusion when the first part of an IPv7 8-octet address is erroneously used as an IPv4 address. It also may be useful in routing ADs with existing routing protocols. 4.1 IANA The initial authority for AD assignements is IANA, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA@ISI.EDU). The IANA may delegate national blocks with initial octets 220 to 223 in the numbering plan to national authority when an appropriate organization applies for them. The initial AD plan also discusses specific assignments of blocks for interoperation with numbering plans. Two non-national blocks are described in the initial numbering plan, one for Novell/IPX, and one used for IEEE 802 addressing. Each of these would require a class-B-size number allocation. The specific allocations are not specified in this plan. Individual AD numbers should be assigned only when there is an expectation that the delegated authority will need to assign on the order of a million network numbers (an AD has space for 16 million networks), or where a clear division of authority is required (e.g. a national administration). Note that under the first of those qualifications, the entire present Internet qualifies as only one AD. Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 3] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 It is important that the number of ADs be initially limited to perhaps several hundred, probably aligned with countries. This facilitates aggregation of routing information given the limitations of present routing technology in the Internet. 4.2 ISO/ITU Authority for assignments of ADs should eventually be vested in the proper international organization, either the ITU and/or the ISO. This is probably an issue that should eventually be taken up by the proper committee of the Joint Technical Committee (JTC). At present, the AD plan borrows an existing numbering plan for countries, IS 3166. This plan provides for two-letter, three-letter, and three-digit codes for countries, where a country is a member of the UN or a (possibly disputed) territory or other area recognized by the UN. (Note that this includes the idea of the UN simply recognizing that the area is disputed; see the entity coded "NT" in the 1988 two-letter code.) The Internet already uses IS 3166 as the authority for the two-letter top-level names used in the domain naming system to delegate naming to national authority. 5 Country blocks Each country (using the definitions of IS 3166) is assigned a block of 256 AD numbers, i.e. a 16 bit number at the top of the numbering plan. The specific block number is derived from the three digit code (ISO-3) assigned by IS 3166. The first octet has value 220 plus ISO-3 divided by 250. The second octet has the value ISO-3 modulo 250. This assigns AD blocks in the range 220.0 to 223.249. This is in the very top of the class C range, in a reserved area (see [RFC1466]). The use of this range is only a proposal; this plan could be used with any base number presently unallocated, except for the class D range, due to the unfortunate assignment of "multicast" semantics known a priori to the IP. The fact that this assigns "large" blocks in some cases to very small countries is not considered to be important. (Rather, the premise that all countries should have equal "importance" in the numbering system is considered paramount.) This is not a geographical assignment system. The assignments are administrative, delegated to national authority. A network assigned within a country-derived AD may be physically located anywhere. It is, however, intended to provide a reasonable point of aggregation; networks and ADs outside the "default" area for the block will increase the demands on the routing system. Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 4] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 While it is advisable for a country to assign individual ADs, there is nothing to preclude a national plan using the entire country block; that decision is specifically reserved to the national authority. The question as to whether the numbering plan within the ADs or block should be correlated with topology, geography, or other constraints is also reserved to national authority. It should be kept in mind that the DNS architecture requires that major authority delegations be made on octet boundaries. Certain large countries may need additional block assignments eventually. If the ISO or ITU authority is established at that time, assignments will be made by the appropriate procedure within ISO and/or the ITU. If not, the national authority should apply to the IANA, requesting information on where and how to proceed. 6 Specific Non-country Assignments There are several assignments of ADs or blocks for specific compatibility with existing plans. As mentioned previously, these are allocated by IANA within the existing assigned numbers plan; an AD requires the equivalent of a class C assignment, a block requires a class B assignment. 6.1 Version 4 Zone The AD 192.0.0 is assigned to the present Version 4 numbering plan. This AD has a specific plan for assignments within it: the first 24 bits are the AD (192.0.0), the next 8-24 bits are a network number, each assigned to a specific organization, and the remaining 16-40 bits are assigned to subnets and hosts by authority reserved to the specific organization. Calling this "version 4" is somewhat of a misnomer. Internet version 4 systems may exist within any AD that uses the 24/24/16 split between AD, network, and subnet/host; but at this writing all existing version 4 systems are defined to be within AD 192.0.0. 6.2 Novell IPX The internetwork protocol (IPX) used by products of Novell Corporation and other vendors making interoperable software have used a 32-bit LAN network number, implicitly concatenated with the 48 bit MAC layer address to form an internet address. The network numbers were not assigned by any central authority, and thus were not useful for inter-organizational traffic without substantial prior arrangement. There is now an authority, established by Novell, to assign unique 32-bit numbers and blocks of numbers, to organizations that desire the ability to do inter-organization networking with the IPX protocol. Novell has also standardized the encapsulation of IPX over the Internet Protocol. [RFC1234] Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 5] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 The Novell/IPX authority may be contacted to request assignments by calling +1 408 321 1506 or by sending mail to registry@novell.com. The Novell/IPX numbering plan is assigned the block (tba) within the Version 7 numbering plan. It has a specific structure for numbering within the block: the first 16 bits are the Novell/IPX block number, the next 32 bits are the unique network number assigned to the LAN, and the last 16 bits are a host number assigned, probably by a (to be specified) dynamic method within the LAN. The existance of a number within the Novell/IPX block for a host does not imply that the host is Novell protocol capable. The numbers are equally useful for both IP version 7 and IPX. The dynamic method for local address assignment might be specific to IPX, or it might be the general method used for any IPv7 local network with 16 bits of host number. While the assignment of a block, rather than a single AD number, is exceptional, in view of the very large base of Novell systems it seems reasonable to accomodate the 32-bit IPX network numbers directly. In particular, RAP can be used to route IPv4, IPv7, and IPX/IPv7 traffic in a combined network. 6.3 IEEE 802 block The IEEE block provides a local address for any host with a LAN interface. The address format is as follows: the first 16 bits are the block number (tba), the remaining 48 bits are the address assigned to the host (or interface card, which is more typical). The 802 address is in canonical bit order [ref tbs]. Because addresses in this block do not have any useable structure, the host is unlikely to be able to communicate beyond the local network. The routing protocol may propagate routes to individual hosts a short distance (i.e. into adjacent LANs) but is unlikely to advertise them very widely. The primary use for addresses in this block is to give hosts an immediately useable address, without any prior configuration. This permits the host to then initiate an auto-configuration protocol with a local net manager, authenticate itself, and find out or register its name and/or wide area Internet address. The block also provides a permanent address for simple hosts that do not want to communicate off of the LAN, such as a toaster. Use of an address within this block does not provide actual security, and MUST NOT be used in an attempt to prevent access except (e.g.) via an application relay: the routing protocol(s) MAY propagate a route to the host an arbitrary distance. Hosts that begin with an 802 derived address and then do autoconfiguration SHOULD continue to recognize the address after the configuration is complete, and MAY originate new traffic from that address. Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 6] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 Hosts using an address in this block MUST be capable of replying to ARP requests. Hosts trying to reach such a host MUST use ARP (or other defined ES-IS-like protocol specified for the media) to resolve the address (and, implicitly, determine which interface to use to reach the other host). They MUST NOT extract the 802 address from the IPv7 address. Digression: note that there is a presumption here that it is reasonable behavior for any host or router to ARP for an address that it has no particular route for. In the presence of general proxy-ARP, this is indeed a reasonable idea, given that someone out there may be able to reply. This means that a TP/IX-IPv7 host need not give addresses in this block special treatment in the IP layer route resolution. In the future, as "addresses" are pushed more toward the proper role as endpoint-identifiers, and not used to route datagrams, this block may become more useful. Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 7] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 7 Code table Admin Domain Block ISO-3 Country 220.004 004 AF Afghanistan 220.008 008 AL Albania 220.010 010 AQ Antarctica 220.012 012 DZ Algeria 220.016 016 AS American Samoa 220.020 020 AD Andorra 220.024 024 AO Angola 220.028 028 AG Antigua And Barbuda 220.031 031 AZ Azerbaijan 220.032 032 AR Argentina 220.036 036 AU Australia 220.040 040 AT Austria 220.044 044 BS Bahamas 220.048 048 BH Bahrain 220.050 050 BD Bangladesh 220.051 051 AM Armenia 220.052 052 BB Barbados 220.056 056 BE Belgium 220.060 060 BM Bermuda 220.064 064 BT Bhutan 220.068 068 BO Bolivia [tba by UN] BA Bosnia Hercegovina 220.072 072 BW Botswana 220.074 074 BV Bouvet Island 220.076 076 BR Brazil 220.084 084 BZ Belize 220.086 086 IO British Indian Ocean Territory 220.090 090 SB Solomon Islands 220.092 092 VG Virgin Islands (British) 220.096 096 BN Brunei Darussalam 220.100 100 BG Bulgaria 220.104 104 MM Myanmar 220.108 108 BI Burundi 220.112 112 BY Belarus 220.112 112 BY Byelorussian Ssr 220.116 116 KH Cambodia 220.120 120 CM Cameroon 220.124 124 CA Canada 220.132 132 CV Cape Verde 220.136 136 KY Cayman Islands 220.140 140 CF Central African Republic 220.144 144 LK Sri Lanka 220.148 148 TD Chad 220.152 152 CL Chile 220.156 156 CN China 220.158 158 TW Taiwan, Province Of China 220.162 162 CX Christmas Island 220.166 166 CC Cocos (Keeling) Islands 220.170 170 CO Colombia 220.174 174 KM Comoros Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 8] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 220.178 178 CG Congo 220.180 180 ZR Zaire 220.184 184 CK Cook Islands 220.188 188 CR Costa Rica [tba by UN] HR Croatia (Hrvatska) 220.192 192 CU Cuba 220.196 196 CY Cyprus 220.200 200 CS Czechoslovakia 220.204 204 BJ Benin 220.208 208 DK Denmark 220.212 212 DM Dominica 220.214 214 DO Dominican Republic 220.218 218 EC Ecuador 220.222 222 SV El Salvador 220.226 226 GQ Equatorial Guinea [tba by UN] [tba] Eritrea 220.230 230 ET Ethiopia 220.233 233 EE Estonia 220.234 234 FO Faroe Islands 220.238 238 FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 220.242 242 FJ Fiji 220.246 246 FI Finland 221.000 250 FR France 221.004 254 GF French Guiana 221.008 258 PF French Polynesia 221.010 260 TF French Southern Territories 221.012 262 DJ Djibouti 221.016 266 GA Gabon 221.018 268 GE Georgia 221.020 270 GM Gambia 221.026 276 DE Germany 221.038 288 GH Ghana 221.042 292 GI Gibraltar 221.046 296 KI Kiribati 221.050 300 GR Greece 221.054 304 GL Greenland 221.058 308 GD Grenada 221.062 312 GP Guadeloupe 221.066 316 GU Guam 221.070 320 GT Guatemala 221.074 324 GN Guinea 221.078 328 GY Guyana 221.082 332 HT Haiti 221.084 334 HM Heard And Mc Donald Islands 221.086 336 VA Vatican City State (Holy See) 221.090 340 HN Honduras 221.094 344 HK Hong Kong 221.098 348 HU Hungary 221.102 352 IS Iceland 221.106 356 IN India 221.110 360 ID Indonesia 221.114 364 IR Iran (Islamic Republic Of) 221.118 368 IQ Iraq 221.122 372 IE Ireland 221.126 376 IL Israel Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 9] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 221.130 380 IT Italy 221.134 384 CI Cote D'Ivoire 221.138 388 JM Jamaica 221.142 392 JP Japan 221.148 398 KZ Kazakhstan 221.150 400 JO Jordan 221.154 404 KE Kenya 221.158 408 KP Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of 221.160 410 KR Korea, Republic Of 221.164 414 KW Kuwait 221.167 417 KG Kyrgyzstan 221.168 418 LA Lao People's Democratic Republic 221.172 422 LB Lebanon 221.176 426 LS Lesotho 221.178 428 LV Latvia 221.180 430 LR Liberia 221.184 434 LY Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 221.188 438 LI Liechtenstein 221.190 440 LT Lithuania 221.192 442 LU Luxembourg 221.196 446 MO Macau 221.200 450 MG Madagascar 221.204 454 MW Malawi 221.208 458 MY Malaysia 221.212 462 MV Maldives 221.216 466 ML Mali 221.220 470 MT Malta 221.224 474 MQ Martinique 221.228 478 MR Mauritania 221.230 480 MU Mauritius 221.234 484 MX Mexico 221.242 492 MC Monaco 221.246 496 MN Mongolia 221.248 498 MD Moldova, Republic Of 222.000 500 MS Montserrat 222.004 504 MA Morocco 222.008 508 MZ Mozambique 222.012 512 OM Oman 222.016 516 NA Namibia 222.020 520 NR Nauru 222.024 524 NP Nepal 222.028 528 NL Netherlands 222.032 532 AN Netherlands Antilles 222.033 533 AW Aruba 222.036 536 NT Neutral Zone 222.040 540 NC New Caledonia 222.048 548 VU Vanuatu 222.054 554 NZ New Zealand 222.058 558 NI Nicaragua 222.062 562 NE Niger 222.066 566 NG Nigeria 222.070 570 NU Niue 222.074 574 NF Norfolk Island 222.078 578 NO Norway 222.080 580 MP Northern Mariana Islands Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 10] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 222.081 581 UM United States Minor Outlying Islands 222.083 583 FM Micronesia 222.084 584 MH Marshall Islands 222.085 585 PW Palau 222.086 586 PK Pakistan 222.090 590 PA Panama 222.098 598 PG Papua New Guinea 222.100 600 PY Paraguay 222.104 604 PE Peru 222.108 608 PH Philippines 222.112 612 PN Pitcairn 222.116 616 PL Poland 222.120 620 PT Portugal 222.124 624 GW Guinea-Bissau 222.126 626 TP East Timor 222.130 630 PR Puerto Rico 222.134 634 QA Qatar 222.138 638 RE Reunion 222.142 642 RO Romania 222.143 643 RU Russian Federation 222.146 646 RW Rwanda 222.154 654 SH St. Helena 222.159 659 KN Saint Kitts And Nevis 222.160 660 AI Anguilla 222.162 662 LC Saint Lucia 222.166 666 PM St. Pierre And Miquelon 222.170 670 VC Saint Vincent And The Grenadines 222.174 674 SM San Marino 222.178 678 ST Sao Tome And Principe 222.182 682 SA Saudi Arabia 222.186 686 SN Senegal 222.190 690 SC Seychelles 222.194 694 SL Sierra Leone 222.202 702 SG Singapore [tba by UN] SI Slovenia 222.204 704 VN Viet Nam 222.206 706 SO Somalia 222.210 710 ZA South Africa 222.216 716 ZW Zimbabwe 222.224 724 ES Spain 222.232 732 EH Western Sahara 222.236 736 SD Sudan 222.240 740 SR Suriname 222.244 744 SJ Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands 222.248 748 SZ Swaziland 223.002 752 SE Sweden 223.006 756 CH Switzerland 223.010 760 SY Syrian Arab Republic 223.012 762 TJ Tajikistan 223.014 764 TH Thailand 223.018 768 TG Togo 223.022 772 TK Tokelau 223.026 776 TO Tonga 223.030 780 TT Trinidad And Tobago 223.034 784 AE United Arab Emirates Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 11] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 223.038 788 TN Tunisia 223.042 792 TR Turkey 223.045 795 TM Turkmenistan 223.046 796 TC Turks And Caicos Islands 223.048 798 TV Tuvalu 223.050 800 UG Uganda 223.054 804 UA Ukrainian Ssr 223.060 810 SU Ussr 223.068 818 EG Egypt 223.076 826 GB United Kingdom 223.084 834 TZ Tanzania, United Republic Of 223.090 840 US United States 223.100 850 VI Virgin Islands (U.S.) 223.104 854 BF Burkina Faso 223.108 858 UY Uruguay 223.110 860 UZ Uzbekistan 223.112 862 VE Venezuela 223.126 876 WF Wallis And Futuna Islands 223.132 882 WS Samoa 223.137 887 YE Yemen, Republic Of 223.140 890 YU Yugoslavia 223.144 894 ZM Zambia Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 12] Internet draft Initial AD Assignment Plan June 30, 1993 8 References [IS 3166] International Organization for Standardization. Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries. ISO 3166, ISO, 1988. [RFC1234] D. Provan. Tunneling IPX Traffic through IP Networks. Novell, Inc. June, 1991. [RFC1466] E. Gerich. Guidelines for Managemnet of IP Address Space. Merit. May, 1993. [RFC1475] Robert Ullmann. TP/IX: The Next Internet. Process Software Corporation. June, 1993. [RFC1476] Robert Ullmann. RAP: Internet Route Access Protocol. Process Software Corporation. June, 1993. 9 Author's Address Robert Ullmann Process Software Corporation 959 Concord Street Framingham, MA 01701 USA Phone: +1 508 879 6994 x226 Email: Ariel@Process.COM Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 13]